Volunteer Lawyers Wanted: Defend Nigeria’s Most Marginalised Women

Join the Legal Frontline of Feminist Justice

Across Nigeria, women are jailed for petty offences, dispossessed of land, and denied justice.
LIRAD is building a feminist legal movement to change that and we need you.

What You’ll Be Doing

Pro Bono Representation
Provide legal support for women facing gender-based violence, workplace injustice, family law disputes, wrongful incarceration, and systemic human rights violations.

Legal Clinics
Join a team delivering free legal aid across 5 strategic clinics in Nigeria—starting in Abuja. You’ll consult, represent, and support over 1,000 grassroots women and girls each year.

Strategic Litigation
Challenge discriminatory laws. Set bold legal precedents. Help redefine the justice system from the ground up.

Legal Empowerment & Training
Train future paralegals. Mentor young women defenders. Deliver accessible rights education in underserved communities.

Policy & Research
Conduct feminist legal research. Support policy reform and advocacy campaigns that drive real-world change.

We work with women most excluded from justice—LBQ women, sex workers, single mothers, women living with HIV, women with disabilities, displaced and incarcerated women, and women criminalised by poverty, drug use, or sex work.

Why Volunteer with LIRAD?

  • Be part of a powerful network of 150+ women lawyers advancing feminist justice nationwide.
  • Get exclusive capacity-building in trauma-informed lawyering, intersectional feminism, and SOGIESC rights.
  • Gain hands-on experience in public interest litigation, grassroots advocacy, and community legal empowerment.
  • Shape a more inclusive, more just legal system for every woman.

We’re Recruiting:

🔹 Pro Bono Lawyers (GBV, Family Law, Climate & Environmental Justice, SRHR)
🔹 Legal Clinic Consultants (Advisory, Mediation, Client Care)
🔹 Feminist Legal Trainers & Mentors
🔹 Legal Researchers & Policy Analysts
🔹 Strategic Litigation Collaborators

Apply Now

📩 Send your CV + short statement of interest to: info@liradnigeria.org
OR fill out the form here: https://forms.gle/oCCRdoQ12mh5jbo79

🕒 Deadline: August 20, 2025
Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis. Early submissions encouraged.

This is more than volunteering. This is movement lawyering.
Ready to join the fight?


“Justice and equality for every woman” – LIRAD Vision

Litigating Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) in Nigeria: Challenges and Pathways to Reform

Litigating-Reproductive-Rights-in-Nigeria-Challenges-and-Pathways-to-Reform.png

Introduction

Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is still a difficult and controversial topic in Nigeria. Restrictive laws, cultural beliefs, and poor enforcement have slowed progress. Nigeria has committed to protecting SRHR through international agreements like the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Maputo Protocol, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, Nigeria has not fully adopted key parts of the Maputo Protocol that protect women’s reproductive rights.

In Nigeria, the constitution guarantees rights to life, dignity, and liberty, which could encompass SRHR. However, the non-justiciability of the right to healthcare under Chapter II, s17(3)(c),  along with the interplay of customary, religious, and statutory laws, creates legal uncertainty. Additional challenges such as lack of awareness, judicial reluctance to address controversial cases, and cultural barriers that reinforce stigma and discrimination further hinder access to SRHR. 

The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP) of 2015 is also key law in Nigeria that criminalises harmful practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and abusive widowhood rites, safeguarding individuals’ bodily autonomy. By prohibiting FGM and widowhood-related abuse, the Act acknowledges the need to protect people from gender-based violence. While significant, the VAPP Act does not address reproductive rights such as access to safe abortion, highlighting the ongoing need for more comprehensive reproductive health legislation.

To fix these issues, Nigeria needs better laws, education campaigns, and stronger institutions. Strategic litigation is a powerful way to push for change, forcing courts to address gaps in SRHR protection. Combined with policy advocacy and court reforms, legal action can challenge the systems holding back progress.

The fight for reproductive justice in Nigeria is urgent. Women and girls should be able to exercise their rights without fear of stigma, discrimination, or punishment. This article looks at the legal and cultural challenges litigating sexual and reproductive health rights and explores how legal reform can drive lasting change.

Challenges In Litigating Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights in Nigeria

1.      The Legacy of Colonial-Era Legislation in SRHR Litigation

Nigeria’s legal system continues to rely on colonial-era statutes that fail to reflect contemporary human rights norms. The Criminal Code (applicable in Southern Nigeria) and the Penal Code (applicable in Northern Nigeria) criminalise abortion except when necessary to save the mother’s life. These laws, inherited from British colonial rule, were historically designed to control population growth and labor supply rather than safeguard women’s reproductive autonomy.

Judicial conservatism has further entrenched these restrictions. In Patience Ekpenyong v. State, for example, the court upheld strict criminal penalties for abortion, reinforcing the restrictive stance. The persistence of such jurisprudence reflects the difficulty of shifting legal interpretations toward a rights-based approach.

2.      The Maputo Protocol: Nigeria’s Unfulfilled Commitment

Adopted in 2003 by the African Union and ratified by Nigeria in 2004, the Maputo Protocol remains the most comprehensive regional legal framework protecting women’s rights. It explicitly mandates state parties to guarantee women’s reproductive rights under Article 14, which provides for:

·         Access to safe and legal abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, or where the pregnancy endangers the physical or mental health of the mother.

·         The right to control fertility and freely choose contraceptive methods.

·         Protection against HIV/AIDS and access to appropriate healthcare services.

The Protocol is uniquely tailored to address challenges faced by African women which are often overlooked in broader international treaties. However, while ratification signifies formal commitment, implementation is another matter. Nigeria has failed to fully domesticate Article 14, leaving many of its provisions without legal backing in this jurisdiction; creating a gap between Nigeria’s international obligations and its domestic legal framework.

3.       Lack of a Justiciable Right to Health

Unlike the fundamental human rights outlined in Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the provisions in Chapter II, specifically section 17(3)(c), which requires the government to ensure “adequate medical and health facilities for all persons,” cannot be enforced through the courts. This gap in the legal framework creates a loophole, enabling the government to avoid accountability for its shortcomings in providing reproductive healthcare services.

4.      The Role of Religion and Culture

Religious and cultural beliefs deeply influence Nigeria’s approach to reproductive rights. Many policymakers cite religious justifications for restricting abortion, contraception, and comprehensive sexuality education. Harmful practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM), early marriage, and denial of contraceptive access persist in some communities despite being outlawed by the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP), 2015.

Without cultural and religious buy-in, legal reforms face significant resistance. This underscores the need for community-driven advocacy to shift deeply ingrained perceptions about women’s bodily autonomy.

How Has Litigation Advanced SRHR in Nigeria?

Given these challenges, strategic litigation has become a powerful tool for holding the government accountable in advancing sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR). While there have been successful cases affirming SRHR over the years, significant barriers persist, and the fight for their full recognition and enforcement continues.

In 2000, in  Georgina Ahamefule v. Imperial Medical Centre & Dr. Alex Molokwu, a woman living with HIV was denied access to healthcare services, prompting a legal challenge. The court held that her right to health, as guaranteed under Nigerian law, had been violated by the denial of medical care. This decision affirmed that access to healthcare is a fundamental right and that discrimination based on health status constitutes a breach of that right. To date, the government has not appealed the judgment, and it stands as a significant precedent in protecting the health rights of people living with HIV in Nigeria.

In Okonkwo v. Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal (2001), the Nigerian Supreme Court upheld a patient’s right to bodily autonomy, focusing on the importance of informed consent in medical treatment. The case involved a medical practitioner performing a procedure without the patient’s full consent. The Court ruled in favor of the patient, affirming that bodily autonomy is a fundamental right. This decision reinforced the legal basis for reproductive choice and set a precedent that healthcare providers must respect patients’ rights to make informed decisions about their bodies, particularly in relation to medical procedures.

However, debates around bodily autonomy continue to persist, especially within religious and cultural circles. Despite previous judgments affirming the constitutional right to health and bodily autonomy, courts have interpreted the law inconsistently in similar cases, highlighting the limitations of using litigation to advance and protect reproductive rights.

In Amina v. The State, Amina Lawal was sentenced to death by stoning by a Sharia court in Katsina State for alleged adultery after giving birth outside of wedlock. The case attracted significant national and international attention, prompting widespread advocacy from human rights organisations. Her conviction was overturned on appeal in 2003, based on legal arguments that challenged both the evidentiary basis and the procedural fairness of the trial. The case underscored the persistent tension between religious legal frameworks and women’s reproductive rights in Nigeria, particularly in relation to bodily autonomy, consent, and access to justice.

Further litigation continued in Adegoke v. State (2008), where a woman sought legal action after being denied the right to terminate her pregnancy under medical advice. The court’s decision affirmed the right to abortion in specific circumstances, such as when the mother’s life is at risk, though the ruling did not extend this right to other situations, reflecting the legal limitations on SRHR in Nigeria.

A breakthrough of some sort came in 2017 with the landmark case Dorothy Njemanze & 3 Others v. Federal Republic of Nigeria. The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice ruled that the arrest and abuse of women by Nigerian authorities constituted gender-based discrimination and a violation of their rights. This case highlighted systemic issues faced by women and underscored the need for legal reforms to better protect SRHR.

Most recently, in November 2023, Lawyers Alert, a Nigerian legal advocacy group, filed a groundbreaking case at the ECOWAS Court of Justice, challenging Nigeria’s restrictive abortion laws. It was the first-ever challenge of its kind, addressing the government’s omissions and actions that hinder access to SRHR justice.

These cases collectively demonstrate the growing role of the judiciary in advancing reproductive rights, even in the absence of direct constitutional protections.

Opportunities for Advancing SRHR Litigation in Nigeria

Despite existing challenges, strategic litigation presents opportunities for advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Nigeria. Key avenues include:

  1. Advocacy for the Justiciability of Right to Health

Advocacy efforts must focus on legal reforms that explicitly recognise the right to health as enforceable, ensuring that the government has clear obligations to provide adequate healthcare services.

  1. Invoking the Maputo Protocol
    Nigerian SRHR lawyers should push for the domestic application of the Protocol’s SRHR provisions, particularly its recognition of the right to safe abortion in cases of rape, incest, or health risks.
  2. Public Interest Litigation
    Civil society organisations can use public interest litigation to challenge restrictive SRHR laws, drawing on successful strategies from other African countries such as Kenya and South Africa.
  3. Engagement with Regional Courts
    Nigerian lawyers may explore avenues at the ECOWAS Court of Justice, which has been receptive to human rights claims, to seek broader enforcement of reproductive rights.
  4. Judicial Training and Advocacy
    Training judges and lawyers in a rights-based, gender-sensitive approach to SRHR cases is essential for effective legal outcomes.
  5. Community-Led Legal Strategies
    Integrating local customs and community-based advocacy into litigation strategies can strengthen public support for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) reforms. 
  6. Sensitisation on Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights: Young women and girls, especially at the grassroots level should be reached and educated about their rights to bodily autonomy. Interventions should also adopt an intersectional approach, addressing and dispelling myths and social conditioning surrounding bodily autonomy and SRHR.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the struggle for sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Nigeria remains difficult with legal, cultural, and institutional challenges. However, strategic litigation offers a powerful avenue for reform. By leveraging international frameworks like the Maputo Protocol, advocating for the justiciability of the right to health in the constitution, and pushing for broader judicial and policy reforms, advocates can create a more inclusive and just legal environment for women and girls. While deeply rooted cultural and religious beliefs pose significant barriers, community-driven approaches and public interest litigation have the potential to shift public opinion and influence legislative change. Ultimately, a sustained effort in litigation, advocacy, and legal reform can bridge the gap between Nigeria’s international commitments and domestic realities, ensuring that SRHR are not only recognised in law but fully realised for all Nigerians.

References

Cases

Adegoke v. The State (2008)

Amina Lawal v. The State (2003)

Dorothy Njemanze & 3 Others v. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2017), ECW/CCJ/JUD/08/17

Georgina Ahamefule  V. Imperial Medical Cen& Dr. Alex Molokwu (2000)

Okonkwo v. Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal (2001) 7 NWLR (Pt. 711) 206 and (2001) 3 S.C.N.J. 1.

Patience Ekpenyong v. State (1975)

Legislations:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 1979.

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN) 1999, as amended.

The Criminal Code of Nigeria, 2004.

The Maputo Protocol, 2003.

The Penal Code of Nigeria, 1963.

The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP), 2015.

Articles

Ayanleye, O.A. (2013). Women and reproductive health rights in Nigeria. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(5), 127-140. Retrieved from OIDA. (Accessed 1 April, 2025)

Afya na Haki (AHAKI). (2023). The role of African judges in shaping policy on sexual & reproductive health & rights using an Africentric approach. Retrieved from AHAKI. (Accessed 2 April, 2025)

Afya na Haki (AHAKI). (2023). Lawyers Alert in ECOWAS Regional Court Against Nigeria for the Restrictive Abortion Law Against Victims of Sexual Violence. (Accessed April 3, 2025)

Izevbuwa, O.G., Ngwoke, R.A., & F., Adeghe I. (2023). The role of law in advancing the reproductive health and rights of women in Nigeria. Retrieved from ResearchGate (Accessed 3 April 2025).

Ogedegbe, A.E., Adeagbo, O., Yankam, B.M., Badru, O., Gadanya, M.A., & Bain, L.E. (2023). Two decades of women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights in Nigeria: Successes, challenges, and opportunities. Retrieved from AJRH. (Accessed 1 April, 2025)

Olayanju, O. (2023). The prospects of litigation to secure maternal health in Nigeria: Does SERAP v Attorney-General Lagos have any value? African Human Rights Law Journal, 23(2), 278-302. https://doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2023/v23n2a3.  (Accessed 1 April, 2025)

Empowerment Through Accountability: Accelerating Action for Nigerian Women (IWD 2025)

Oge-Ali Green Chizoba Esq.

As we commemorate International Women’s Day (IWD) 2025, we reflect on the theme “Accelerate Action” and its profound implications for women worldwide, particularly in Nigeria. The IWD 2025 overlaps with the 69th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW69) which commences on 10th March, 2025 and will focus on reviewing the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, assessing contemporary challenges, and advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment.

Despite significant international and regional commitments to protecting women’s rights, Nigeria continues to grapple with gender-based violence (GBV), femicide, economic marginalisation, and legal disparities that undermine the rights and dignity of women and girls. 

Lex Initiative for Rights, Advocacy and Development (LIRAD) remains steadfast in its commitment to advancing human rights and public interest lawyering for marginalised women, aligning with international human rights instruments and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Imperative of Legal Accountability in Advancing Women’s Rights

Empowerment is fundamentally linked to accountability—both at the individual level and within the broader legal and institutional framework. While self-accountability enables women to take ownership of their choices, true gender equality requires a robust legal framework that guarantees women’s rights, coupled with effective enforcement mechanisms.

Nigeria is a signatory to several international and regional conventions that mandate gender equality and the protection of women’s rights, yet the domestication and enforcement of these legal instruments remain inadequate. Key among these are:

• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – Ratified by Nigeria in 1985, CEDAW provides a comprehensive legal framework for eliminating discrimination against women. However, Nigeria has yet to fully domesticate it into national law, despite persistent advocacy from civil society.

• The Maputo Protocol (Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa) – This regional treaty, which Nigeria ratified in 2004, mandates states to take necessary legislative and policy measures to eliminate gender-based violence, ensure access to justice, and promote women’s socio-economic rights. Its full implementation remains critical.

• The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP), 2015 – While this law represents a significant step in addressing gender-based violence, it has recently come under threat as a bill to repeal it has been brought to the National Assembly. There is a need to strengthen and preserve the Act in order not to roll back years of progress achieved in protecting women and children from violence. Urgent efforts are needed to ensure its amendment and enforcement across all Nigerian states.

• The Child Rights Act, 2003 – Protecting the rights of girls from forced marriage, sexual violence, and discrimination, this law has not been universally adopted by all Nigerian states, leaving many girls vulnerable to harmful practices.

Tackling Gender-Based Violence and Systemic Inequality

The recent surge in femicide and GBV in Nigeria underscores the urgent need for systemic reforms and institutional accountability. While survivors of violence require immediate protection, justice, and rehabilitation, long-term change hinges on legal, educational, economic, and cultural interventions.

1. Strengthening Legal Frameworks and Enforcement

• The domestication of CEDAW and the full implementation of the Maputo Protocol are essential to ensuring that women’s rights are upheld in practice, not just in principle.

• The harmonisation of gender-related laws across Nigeria’s legal system would prevent contradictions and loopholes that allow perpetrators to evade justice.

• Judicial and law enforcement reforms are necessary to improve access to justice for survivors of GBV, ensuring swift prosecution of offenders and protection of victims.

2. Advancing Gender-Sensitive Education and Awareness

• Gender-sensitive curriculum should be integrated into educational institutions to challenge harmful stereotypes and discriminatory norms.

• Legal literacy programs must be expanded to educate women on their rights and the legal remedies available to them.

3. Enhancing Women’s Economic Empowerment

• Strengthening women’s land and property rights is crucial, as economic dependency often traps women in cycles of violence and exploitation.

• Expanding access to credit, financial services, and entrepreneurship opportunities can bolster women’s financial independence.

4. Engaging Men and Boys in the Movement for Gender Equality

• Transforming patriarchal attitudes requires active participation from men and boys in advocacy campaigns and community dialogue.

• Legal measures should be coupled with social interventions to promote gender-equitable norms in homes, schools, and workplaces.

The Role of CSW69 in Driving Global and National Commitments

The CSW69 conference presents an opportunity for Nigeria to reaffirm its commitments to international frameworks and accelerate action toward gender equality. Key areas of focus should include:

1. Developing a National Action Plan for the Full Domestication of CEDAW – Nigeria must prioritise enacting a comprehensive legal framework that aligns with its international obligations.

2. Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms for GBV Response – This includes funding women’s shelters, enhancing police and judicial response mechanisms, and integrating GBV services into national healthcare systems.

3. Enhancing Data Collection and Accountability Mechanisms – Accurate data on GBV and gender disparities is essential for crafting effective policies and holding institutions accountable.

Conclusion: Toward a Future of Gender Justice and Equality

As we observe International Women’s Day 2025, we honor the resilience and strength of Nigerian women who continue to advocate for their rights despite systemic barriers. Accountability at all levels—individual, institutional, and governmental—is the cornerstone of empowerment. By ensuring the full domestication and enforcement of gender-inclusive laws, Nigeria can accelerate the journey toward a society where every woman and girl lives free from violence, discrimination, and inequality.

At LIRAD, we remain unwavering in our advocacy for legal reforms, access to justice, and sustainable development initiatives that uphold the rights of Nigerian women. Together, through collective action and legal accountability, we can transform aspirations of gender equality into a lived reality for all.

The Nigeria Surrogacy Bill, 2024: A Step Forward or a Missed Opportunity?

By Augusta Yaakugh, Esq.

Executive Director, Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development

Introduction

On 20 February 2024, Hon. Ayodeji Alao-Akala introduced the Surrogacy Bill, 2024 (HB. 1137), aimed at establishing the Nigeria Surrogacy Regulatory Commission. Having passed its second reading, the Bill seeks to regulate surrogacy arrangements in Nigeria, ensuring ethical practices and the protection of all parties involved. While the Bill represents progress in reproductive health policy, it raises significant concerns about inclusivity, socio-economic justice, and the rights of marginalised women.

At Lex Initiative, our work in promoting gender equality and socio-economic empowerment for women compels us to critically examine this Bill. In this article, we explore its potential impacts, identify gaps, and propose reforms to ensure it aligns with human rights principles and addresses the realities of Nigeria’s diverse population.

What the Bill Proposes

The Surrogacy Bill establishes the Nigeria Surrogacy Regulatory Commission to oversee surrogacy arrangements. Its key provisions include:

• Registration and regulation of surrogacy agencies and agreements.

• Prohibition of commercial surrogacy (allowing only altruistic arrangements).

• Eligibility restricted to married couples or medically certified infertile singles.

• Mandatory psychological and medical evaluations for surrogates and intended parents.

• Minimum age requirement of 21 for surrogates.

These provisions are supported by penalties for violations, ensuring compliance through strict monitoring.

What the Bill Gets Right

1. Ethical Regulation:

The Bill establishes guidelines for ethical surrogacy practices, reducing the risk of exploitation.

2. Professional Oversight:

The inclusion of representatives from women’s rights, child welfare, and reproductive health sectors ensures a multidisciplinary approach.

3. Legal Clarity:

By mandating notarised agreements and regulatory oversight, the Bill offers much-needed legal structure to surrogacy arrangements in Nigeria.

Where the Bill Falls Short

1. Restrictive Eligibility Criteria:

By limiting surrogacy to married couples and infertile singles, the Bill excludes many individuals and families in need of alternative reproductive options.

2. Prohibition of Commercial Surrogacy:

The outright ban on commercial surrogacy fails to account for the socio-economic realities of Nigerian women. Many marginalised women could benefit from regulated compensation for their services.

3. Insufficient Protections for Surrogates:

The Bill lacks provisions for financial, psychological, and post-pregnancy support for surrogates, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and neglect.

4. Exclusion of Rural and Marginalised Voices:

While the Bill includes women’s rights representatives, it does not specifically mandate representation for rural or low-income women, who are often most affected by reproductive policies.

5. Lack of Public Awareness Mechanisms:

The absence of public education initiatives risks leaving many Nigerians unaware of their rights and obligations under the new surrogacy framework.

How This Bill Connects to Our Key Advocacy Areas

At Lex Initiative, this Bill intersects with several of our core legal areas for advocacy:

1. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR):

• The Bill addresses reproductive autonomy by regulating surrogacy practices and ensuring ethical guidelines.

• It raises critical questions about access to safe and legal surrogacy arrangements, a key aspect of SRHR advocacy.

2. Gender-Based Violence (GBV):

• By seeking to regulate surrogacy, the Bill indirectly aims to protect women from exploitation, coercion, and abuse. However, the absence of robust protective measures leaves surrogates vulnerable to harm.

3. Access to Justice:

• The legal frameworks outlined in the Bill align with our work in promoting access to justice for marginalised women. However, the barriers in navigating the legal processes for surrogacy agreements must be addressed.

4. Social Protection Programmes:

• Surrogates, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, require financial support and social safety nets to prevent exploitation and ensure equitable participation in surrogacy arrangements.

5. Healthcare and Employment Rights:

• The Bill’s provisions for medical and psychological evaluations highlight the need for accessible and affordable healthcare for all parties involved in surrogacy.

How This Affects Marginalised Women

The Bill’s restrictive provisions risk deepening existing inequalities. Women in low-income or rural areas may turn to informal and unregulated surrogacy arrangements due to the prohibition of commercial surrogacy, increasing their vulnerability to exploitation.

Additionally, the lack of targeted protections for marginalised groups such as rural women perpetuates systemic inequities that the Bill seeks to address.

Lex Initiative’s Recommendations

To ensure the Bill promotes equity and justice, we propose the following amendments:

1. Broaden Eligibility Criteria:

• Expand eligibility to include individuals and families who face unique reproductive challenges, particularly from rural and low-income communities.

• Simplify the medical certification process to ensure accessibility for women in underserved areas.

2. Regulate, Not Prohibit, Commercial Surrogacy:

• Allow regulated compensation for surrogates to prevent exploitation while ensuring their financial security.

• Set clear guidelines for what constitutes reasonable compensation.

3. Comprehensive Support for Surrogates:

• Mandate financial, healthcare, and psychological support for surrogates during and after pregnancy.

• Establish grievance redress mechanisms to address disputes or exploitation.

4. Enhance Representation in the Commission:

• Ensure representation from diverse groups, including rural and low-income women, to provide a holistic perspective on surrogacy-related policies.

5. Strengthen Awareness and Capacity-Building Provisions:

• Mandate public education campaigns on surrogacy laws and rights.

• Provide funding for workshops and training for surrogacy agencies and healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

The Nigeria Surrogacy Bill, 2024, is a significant step towards addressing the complexities of surrogacy in Nigeria. However, without critical amendments, it risks reinforcing systemic inequities and excluding vulnerable groups.

At Lex Initiative, we are committed to advocating for a more inclusive and equitable approach to surrogacy regulation. By addressing the gaps outlined above, we can ensure the Bill fulfils its promise of justice and dignity for all Nigerians.

Call to Action

We invite stakeholders, civil society organisations, and individuals to join us in pushing for these necessary reforms. Together, we can create a surrogacy framework that truly reflects Nigeria’s diverse population and upholds the principles of equality and human rights.

Contact Us

For more information or to collaborate on this advocacy, please reach out to Lex Initiative at info@liradnigeria.org. 

Stay informed and stay engaged. Visit our blog regularly for updates on our advocacy efforts and insights into gender and reproductive justice.

Policy Brief: Addressing the Gaps in Nigerian Laws on Gender-Based Violence and Their Impact on Marginalised Women

Executive Summary

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a pervasive issue in Nigeria, disproportionately affecting marginalised women, including LBQTI women, women with disabilities, women living with HIV, female sex workers, and women displaced by climate change and conflict.

Despite the enactment of laws such as the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015 (VAPP) and state-level domestic violence laws, significant gaps in legislation and enforcement leave many women unprotected.

These legal deficiencies perpetuate cycles of violence, inequality, and exclusion for Nigeria’s most vulnerable women.This policy brief outlines the legal and systemic gaps in addressing GBV, highlights the specific impacts on marginalised groups, and proposes actionable recommendations to create inclusive, gender-responsive policies.

Background:

Gender-Based Violence in NigeriaGender-based violence in Nigeria takes many forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic violence.

According to the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 30% of women aged 15-49 have experienced physical violence, and many incidents go unreported due to stigma, fear, and systemic barriers.

Marginalised women face compounded vulnerabilities due to intersectional discrimination.

Legal Gaps in Addressing GBV

1. Limited Geographic Coverage of the VAPP Act:

      The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP) was enacted in 2015 at the federal level but is only applicable in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) 34 states have now domesticated the Act, but two states are yet to adopt it, leaving millions of women without legal protection against GBV in these areas.

      2. Exclusion of Marginalised Groups in Policy FrameworksNigerian laws often fail to recognise the unique experiences of LBQTI women, female sex workers, and women displaced by climate change or conflict, excluding them from targeted protection measures.

      3. Insufficient Legal Provisions for Intersectional DiscriminationThe legal framework does not adequately address intersectional discrimination, which disproportionately affects women living with HIV, women with disabilities, and other marginalised groups.

      4. Weak Enforcement MechanismsEven where laws exist, enforcement remains a challenge due to corruption, lack of funding, and insufficient training of law enforcement officers on GBV and human rights.

      5. Criminalisation of Consensual Same-Sex RelationshipsThe Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, 2014 (SSMPA) indirectly increases the vulnerability of LBQTI women to GBV, as they are unable to seek legal redress for fear of persecution.

      Impact of GBV on Marginalised Women.

      1. LBQTI Women

      Face heightened risks of sexual violence, corrective rape, and assault due to stigma and criminalisation under the SSMPA.

      2. Women with Disabilities

      Experience higher rates of sexual violence, often from caregivers or family members, and lack access to inclusive legal services and shelters.

      3. Women Living with HIV

      Are stigmatised and targeted for violence, particularly in cases where their HIV status is disclosed without consent.

      4. Female Sex Workers

      Are disproportionately subjected to physical and sexual violence from clients, law enforcement, and community members, with little legal recourse due to the criminalisation of sex work.

      5. Women Displaced by Climate Change and Conflict

      In displacement settings, women face increased risks of GBV, including sexual violence and exploitation, with limited access to justice or protective services.

      Recommendations

      1. Domestication and Implementation of the VAPP Act NationwideEnsure all states adopt and implement the VAPP Act, with provisions tailored to address the needs of marginalised women. The two states that have yet to domesticate the VAPP Act should prioritise its adoption to ensure nationwide legal protection against GBV.

      2. Incorporate Intersectional Protections in GBV LawsAmend existing laws to explicitly protect marginalised groups, including LBQTI women, women with disabilities, and female sex workers, from GBV.

      3. Strengthen Enforcement and AccountabilityTrain law enforcement and judiciary officials on GBV laws and the rights of marginalised groups. Establish monitoring mechanisms to ensure accountability in GBV cases.

      4. Repeal Discriminatory LawsRepeal the Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act and decriminalise sex work to reduce stigma and provide legal recourse for victims of GBV in these communities.

      5. Increase Funding for GBV ServicesAllocate resources to provide inclusive shelters, counselling, legal aid, and healthcare services for survivors, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

      6. Targeted Programmes for Displaced WomenDevelop policies and programmes that address the unique vulnerabilities of women displaced by climate change and conflict, ensuring access to justice and protection in displacement camps.

      Conclusion

      The fight against GBV in Nigeria must prioritise inclusive and intersectional approaches that recognise the unique vulnerabilities of marginalised women. By addressing these gaps, Nigeria can take meaningful steps towards achieving gender equality and protecting the rights of all women.

      Lex Initiative remains committed to advocating for policies that ensure justice, dignity, and equality for every woman, regardless of their background or identity.

      Contact Information:

      Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development (LIRAD)

      Abuja, Nigeria

      Email: info@liradnigeria.org

      Phone: +234-814-242-7740

      From Silence to Strength: Empowering Women with Disabilities to Lead and Thrive

      The theme for this year’s International Day of Persons with Disabilities, “Amplifying the Leadership of Persons with Disabilities for an Inclusive and Sustainable Future,” is a powerful call to action. It underscores the pivotal role individuals with disabilities, particularly women, must play in creating a just and equitable world. Yet, for women with disabilities, stepping into leadership often involves navigating systemic challenges—chief among them, pervasive violence, societal neglect, and gaps in legal protections.

      Globally and in Nigeria, women with disabilities face disproportionate risks of violence, compounded by systemic barriers that limit their access to justice, support, and opportunities to lead. As we commemorate this important day, it is essential to centre their voices, elevate their leadership, and dismantle the barriers preventing them from thriving as agents of change.

      A Global Epidemic of Violence

      Violence against women remains a global epidemic, but women with disabilities face uniquely severe risks. According to the World Health Organisation, women with disabilities are up to three times more likely to experience physical, sexual, or psychological abuse than their non-disabled peers. This violence is often perpetrated by those they depend on—family members, caregivers, or intimate partners—making escape even more difficult.

      In Nigeria, the statistics are alarming. A 2021 study revealed that nearly 68% of women with disabilities reported experiencing violence in their lifetimes. This is exacerbated by systemic failures that hinder their access to justice.

      For Chika, a Nigerian woman with a mobility impairment and a survivor of domestic violence, the challenge was not only escaping her abuser but also navigating inaccessible reporting mechanisms. “I was trapped—not just by my abuser, but by a system that didn’t know how to hear me,” she said. Chika’s story is emblematic of the experiences of countless women with disabilities who are left vulnerable by both societal attitudes and institutional neglect.

      Policy Frameworks: The Disability Act and the VAPP Act

      Nigeria has made significant strides in addressing discrimination and gender-based violence through its legal frameworks. The Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act (2019) and the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (2015) are two landmark legislations designed to protect vulnerable groups. However, both Acts fall short of addressing the unique intersectional challenges faced by women with disabilities.

      The Disability Act

      The Disability Act prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities and mandates accessibility in public spaces, transportation, and workplaces. It also established the National Commission for Persons with Disabilities (NCPWD) to oversee implementation. However, the Act does not explicitly address gender-based violence or the specific vulnerabilities of women with disabilities.

      While the Act requires accessible public spaces, this provision is often poorly implemented, leaving police stations, courts, and shelters inaccessible to women with disabilities who need to report abuse. Moreover, the Act fails to integrate with gender-focused legislation like the VAPP Act, creating gaps in protections and support systems.

      The VAPP Act

      The VAPP Act is Nigeria’s most comprehensive legislation on gender-based violence, addressing issues such as domestic violence, rape, and harmful traditional practices. However, it does not include specific provisions for women with disabilities, whose experiences of violence often differ significantly from those of other women.

      For instance, women with disabilities are more likely to experience abuse from caregivers or intimate partners who exploit their dependency. They also face additional barriers to accessing justice, such as a lack of sign language interpreters or Braille materials in legal settings.

      Bridging the Gaps: Recommendations for Legal Reform

      To address the shortcomings of the Disability Act and the VAPP Act, and to ensure that women with disabilities are fully protected and empowered, the following steps are essential:

      1. Amend the Disability Act: Incorporate provisions that specifically address gender-based violence, including mandatory protections for women with disabilities in abusive situations.

      2. Integrate the Disability and VAPP Acts: Harmonise the two laws to ensure comprehensive protections that address both disability-related and gender-based vulnerabilities.

      3. Strengthen Accessibility: Make reporting mechanisms, shelters, and judicial services fully accessible through ramps, sign language interpreters, Braille materials, and digital platforms.

      4. Raise Awareness: Launch public education campaigns to combat stigma and increase awareness of the rights of women with disabilities under both Acts.

      5. Support Grassroots Advocacy: Empower organisations like the Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development (LIRAD) to train women with disabilities as advocates and leaders in their communities.

      Stories of Leadership and Resilience

      Despite these systemic challenges, women with disabilities in Nigeria have demonstrated remarkable resilience and leadership. Through their advocacy and courage, they are challenging societal norms and inspiring transformative change.

      Fatima, a Nigerian woman with a hearing impairment, was empowered through LIRAD’s training to establish a local support group for survivors of violence. “For the first time, I felt seen and heard,” she shared. “Now, I’m helping other women understand their rights and how to demand them.”

      Globally, similar movements are taking shape. Initiatives like the UN Women Disability Inclusion Strategy are empowering women with disabilities to take on leadership roles in policy advocacy and community engagement. These efforts underscore that women with disabilities are not just survivors—they are leaders, changemakers, and architects of a more inclusive future.

      A Call to Action

      As we commemorate this year’s International Day of Persons with Disabilities, the theme challenges us to move beyond reflection to meaningful action. By addressing the systemic barriers embedded in Nigeria’s legal and social frameworks, we can create a society where women with disabilities are no longer silenced but are empowered to lead and thrive.

      This requires a collective effort:

      • Governments must amend and harmonise laws like the Disability Act and VAPP Act to ensure comprehensive protections.

      • Civil society organisations must amplify the voices of women with disabilities, empowering them to take on leadership roles.

      • Communities must confront and dismantle harmful stereotypes, fostering inclusion and respect for all.

      Conclusion

      The stories of women like Chika and Fatima remind us that the fight for justice and inclusion is far from over. Their journeys from silence to strength are a testament to the transformative power of leadership and advocacy.

      At Lex Initiative, we remain steadfast in our commitment to empowering women with disabilities and advocating for systemic change. Together, we can create a future where their voices are not only heard but lead the way towards a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable world.

      What role will you play in this movement for justice and equality?

      World AIDS Day: Addressing the Intersectionality of HIV/AIDS and Feminism in Nigeria

      Executive Director, Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development

      Today, as the world unites to mark World AIDS Day, we are reminded of the enduring fight against HIV/AIDS and its devastating impacts. In Nigeria, this disease continues to disproportionately affect women, especially those living at the intersections of poverty, marginalisation, and discrimination. As we reflect, we must also act—with urgency, compassion, and accountability—to create a society that is not only free of stigma but one where every woman has access to justice, equality, and dignity.

      The Feminine Agenda: Women and HIV/AIDS in Nigeria

      By Augusta Yaakugh, Esq.

      HIV/AIDS is not just a public health crisis; it is a mirror reflecting the entrenched inequalities faced by women in Nigeria. According to UNAIDS, women constitute the majority of people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, with adolescent girls and young women particularly at risk. For women living with disabilities, female sex workers, women who use drugs, and LBQ women, this burden is even heavier, compounded by systemic exclusion and societal prejudices.

      Too often, the response to HIV/AIDS in Nigeria has failed to address the gendered realities of this epidemic. Women living with HIV are not only fighting a virus—they are battling stigma, discrimination, and the absence of legal protections. This is a collective failure. It is imperative that we recognise these injustices and centre women’s experiences in both policy and practice.

      A Call for a More Inclusive Feminist Movement

      The feminist movement in Nigeria has made commendable strides, yet it remains incomplete. Too often, feminist advocacy is centred around heteronormative and able-bodied frameworks that fail to capture the lived experiences of women at the intersections of health, class, and identity. The exclusion of women living with HIV/AIDS, along with other marginalised groups, weakens the foundation of our collective struggle for equality.

      An inclusive feminist movement must go beyond rhetoric to action. It must champion the rights of all women—LBQ women, sex workers, disabled women, and those living with HIV/AIDS—ensuring they are seen, heard, and supported. Feminism in Nigeria must embrace intersectionality as its core principle, recognising that the oppression of one is the oppression of all.

      Our Work at Lex Initiative

      At Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development, we are committed to advancing a feminist agenda rooted in inclusion and justice. Our work addresses the multifaceted challenges faced by marginalised women, particularly those living with HIV/AIDS, through practical interventions and advocacy.

      1. Empowering Marginalised Women

      Our FeminaJustice Project provides free legal clinics, pro bono representation, and socio-economic empowerment for women living with HIV/AIDS and other marginalised identities. These women often face criminalisation for their realities, from engaging in survival sex work to drug use in the face of poverty. Our work gives them access to justice and helps dismantle the barriers that perpetuate their vulnerability.

      2. Promoting Feminist Lawyering

      We train and equip female lawyers to adopt a feminist approach to their work, ensuring that legal services are gender-responsive and inclusive. By building the capacity of feminist lawyers, we ensure that women living with HIV/AIDS and others at the margins are defended by those who understand and share their struggles.

      3. Advocating for Systemic Change

      Through evidence-based research and strategic litigation, we challenge discriminatory laws and policies that exacerbate inequalities. Our Legal Baseline Study on LGBTI+ Rights in Nigeria and our advocacy efforts have shed light on the intersectional challenges faced by marginalised women and communities, particularly in accessing healthcare, employment, and social protection.

      4. Changing Narratives Through Art and Dialogue

      Initiatives like our Art for Advocacy programme use creative expression to amplify the voices of women living with HIV/AIDS and other marginalised groups. By fostering empathy and understanding, we challenge societal attitudes and shift perceptions.

      A Call for Accountability

      As we observe World AIDS Day, we must hold ourselves accountable. This is not just a day for awareness—it is a call to action. Policymakers must prioritise gender-responsive healthcare systems that ensure women living with HIV/AIDS can access the care and support they need. Civil society must work harder to challenge stigma and discrimination, while the feminist movement must strive to leave no woman behind.

      But accountability is not just for institutions—it is for all of us. We must reflect on how our own biases and inaction contribute to the exclusion of marginalised women. Let this day remind us that the fight against HIV/AIDS is not only about ending a virus; it is about ending the inequalities that sustain it.

      Towards Justice and Dignity for All Women

      At Lex Initiative, we envision a Nigeria where every woman, regardless of her health status or identity, can live a life of dignity, equality, and justice. This vision requires collective effort. Together, we can build a more inclusive feminist movement—one that addresses the intersectionality of HIV/AIDS and creates a future where all women can thrive.

      On this World AIDS Day, let us recommit ourselves to this cause. Let us act with compassion, demand accountability, and work towards a world where no woman is left behind.

      Augusta Yaakugh, Esq., is the Executive Director of Lex Initiative for Rights Advocacy and Development, an organisation dedicated to advancing the rights and dignity of marginalised women in Nigeria.

      A Call to Action: Commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Girls”

      Statement by Augusta Yaakugh Esq., Founder and Executive Director, LIRAD

      Today, as the world observes the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women and Girls, I join countless advocates, survivors, and allies in calling for bold action to end this pervasive crisis. Violence against women and girls is one of the most widespread human rights violations, impacting 1 in 3 women globally. For marginalised women, however, the risk is even greater, compounded by stigma, systemic inequality, and lack of access to justice.

      At LIRAD, we are committed to breaking the cycles of violence that have persisted for far too long, particularly for the most vulnerable among us. Women living with HIV, women with disabilities, women who use drugs, LBQTI women, and sex workers face not only physical and psychological violence but also structural and systemic barriers that reinforce their exclusion. These women are not only survivors but also leaders, advocates, and community builders whose voices deserve to be heard and amplified.

      The Legacy of Beijing +30

      This year’s theme, “Towards Beijing +30: UNiTE to End Violence Against Women and Girls,” reminds us of the commitments made nearly three decades ago at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. That conference was a turning point, setting forth a bold agenda to achieve gender equality and eliminate violence against women.

      Yet, as we approach the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, we must confront the reality that these promises remain unfulfilled for many women. The progress made over the years, while significant, has not been inclusive enough to address the unique vulnerabilities of marginalised groups. The fight to end violence against women must be intersectional, addressing the overlapping factors that leave some women more vulnerable than others.

      Marginalised Women: At the Intersection of Vulnerability and Resilience

      Across Nigeria, West Africa, and the African continent, marginalised women face unique and intersecting challenges:

      • Women living with HIV face violence rooted in stigma, discrimination, and blame, particularly in healthcare systems and intimate relationships.

      • Women with disabilities are disproportionately affected by physical and sexual abuse, often at the hands of those tasked with their care.

      • Women who use drugs and sex workers are criminalised and excluded from essential services, making them more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

      • LBQTI women are subjected to hate crimes and systemic rejection, exacerbated by legal frameworks and cultural norms that deny their existence and dignity.

      These women are often silenced and excluded from the very systems designed to protect them. Yet, they continue to lead efforts within their communities, demonstrating resilience, courage, and hope.

      LIRAD’s Commitment to Action

      At LIRAD, we believe that violence against women is not just a women’s issue—it is a societal failure and a violation of human rights. Our mission is to challenge these failures and build systems that empower women, particularly those on the margins.

      To this end, we are pursuing a comprehensive strategy that includes:

      1. Advocating for Inclusive Policies: Strong laws and policies that address the specific needs of marginalised women, ensuring they are protected and their rights upheld.

      2. Challenging Harmful Norms: Working with communities to dismantle societal attitudes that perpetuate violence, stigma, and discrimination.

      3. Expanding Access to Services: Providing survivor-centred healthcare, psychosocial support, and legal aid tailored to the realities of marginalised women.

      4. Building Solidarity: Creating platforms where marginalised women can share their stories, lead advocacy efforts, and hold systems accountable.

      A Collective Responsibility

      Ending violence against women and girls requires the efforts of governments, civil society, and individuals alike. It demands that we listen to survivors, amplify their voices, and prioritise their needs in policy and action. As we reflect on this day, let us remember that real change comes from standing together, speaking out, and refusing to accept violence in any form.

      Looking Ahead

      This year, as we align with the 2024 United Nations UNiTE Campaign, I urge all stakeholders to recommit to the vision of Beijing. Let us turn promises into action and action into lasting impact. The world we want—a world where no woman or girl lives in fear of violence—is possible, but only if we work together to dismantle the systems that perpetuate inequality and harm.

      To every woman who has survived violence: we see you, we hear you, and we stand with you. To every ally and advocate: your voice is critical in this fight. And to every leader: now is the time to act decisively and inclusively.

      At LIRAD, we remain steadfast in our commitment to amplifying the voices of the most marginalised, breaking barriers, and building a future where every woman and girl feels safe, empowered, and heard.

      Together, we can UNiTE to end violence against women and girls—for good.

      Augusta Yaakugh Esq

      Founder and Executive Director, LIRAD

      Towards Beijing +30: Amplifying Marginalised Voices to End Violence Against Women and Girls

      By Green Chizoba.O, Esq

      As the world observes the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, we are reminded of the promises made nearly three decades ago at the historic Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. The 2024 United Nations UNiTE Campaign theme, “Towards Beijing +30: UNiTE to End Violence Against Women and Girls,” is a call to reignite global commitments to ending gender-based violence in all its forms.

      However, as we reflect on progress made, we must confront an uncomfortable truth: many women, particularly those on the margins, have been left behind in this journey.

      At the heart of this year’s campaign theme is an urgent demand for inclusivity. Ending violence against women and girls must mean ending violence against all women and girls, including those whose identities and circumstances place them at the intersections of multiple forms of discrimination. Women living with HIV, women with disabilities, women who use drugs, LBQTI women, and sex workers are among those most vulnerable to violence, yet their experiences are often sidelined in mainstream advocacy.

      The Marginalised Majority

      The Executive Director of LIRAD eloquently captured the gravity of this crisis in her address today, highlighting the unique barriers faced by marginalised women in Nigeria, West Africa, and across the African continent.

      For women living with HIV, stigma often translates into violence from intimate partners, discrimination in healthcare, and social exclusion. Women with disabilities face disproportionately high rates of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, often from those entrusted with their care. Women who use drugs and sex workers are criminalised and stigmatised, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation, extortion, and violence from law enforcement and clients alike. LBQTI women endure hate crimes and systemic rejection, frequently exacerbated by laws and cultural norms that criminalise their identities.

      These groups are not small minorities. They represent millions of women whose stories are silenced, whose struggles are neglected, and whose safety and dignity are routinely violated.

      UNiTE to End Marginalisation

      The UNiTE campaign’s 2024 focus on Beijing +30 offers a critical opportunity to amplify the voices of marginalised women and advocate for systemic change. We cannot truly commemorate the legacy of Beijing if we fail to address the specific realities of those most at risk of violence.

      As the Executive Director of LIRAD pointed out, violence against marginalised women is not just physical—it is systemic, institutional, and deeply embedded in social norms, laws, and policies that exclude them. This year’s theme compels us to move beyond surface-level solutions and tackle the root causes of this violence, including structural inequalities and cultural attitudes that perpetuate stigma and silence.

      Actions Towards Beijing +30

      To align with the 2024 UNiTE Campaign, LIRAD is championing a multi-pronged approach to ending violence against marginalised women and girls:

      1. Advocacy for Inclusive Policies: Stronger laws and policies that address the intersecting vulnerabilities of marginalised women, such as those living with HIV, women with disabilities, and sex workers.

      2. Community-Led Prevention Programmes: Initiatives that challenge harmful societal norms and empower women to lead efforts in their own communities.

      3. Investment in Support Services: Expanding access to survivor-centred healthcare, legal aid, and psychosocial support that addresses the unique needs of marginalised groups.

      4. Education and Awareness Campaigns: Shifting societal attitudes through education on the human rights of all women, particularly those facing intersecting barriers.

      Towards a Truly Inclusive Future

      As we approach Beijing +30, let us ensure that the global movement to end violence against women is truly inclusive. The promise of Beijing was a world where all women could live free from violence, regardless of their identities, circumstances, or the barriers they face. Achieving this vision requires us to centre the voices of marginalised women and work tirelessly to dismantle the systems that oppress them.

      At LIRAD, we are committed to this fight. We believe that no woman—whether living with HIV, with disabilities, who uses drugs, identifies as LBQTI, or works as a sex worker—should ever face violence, stigma, or exclusion.

      The 2024 UNiTE campaign reminds us that this is a collective responsibility. Together, we must amplify the voices of those most affected, break the barriers that hold them back, and build a future where every woman and girl is safe, empowered, and heard.

      Together, we can UNiTE to end violence against women and girls—for good.

      Let us honour the legacy of Beijing by turning words into action, promises into progress, and silence into solidarity.

      Human Trafficking and Intersectionality: Why Marginalized Women Are at Greater Risk By Augusta Yaakugh Esq. and Green Chizoba, .O, Esq.

      Human trafficking is a global crisis that continues to strip millions of individuals, particularly women, of their freedom, dignity, and opportunities. While all women face varying degrees of risk, marginalized women—those affected by poverty, disability, sexual orientation, and gender discrimination—bear the brunt of this exploitative system. Understanding the intersectionality of these factors is crucial in developing effective strategies to combat trafficking and ensure no one is left behind.

      The Intersectionality of Vulnerability

      Intersectionality, a concept coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, recognizes how various forms of inequality intersect to compound the challenges faced by individuals. In the context of human trafficking, marginalized women often exist at the crossroads of multiple vulnerabilities, making them prime targets for traffickers.

      1. Poverty: Economic hardship is one of the leading drivers of trafficking. Women from low-income backgrounds are often lured by promises of employment, only to be exploited in forced labor or commercial sex. For many, the need to support their families outweighs the risks, leaving them susceptible to deception and coercion.
      2. Disability: Women living with disabilities face unique challenges that traffickers exploit. Limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities increases their vulnerability. In some cases, traffickers capitalize on societal neglect and the mistaken belief that women with disabilities are less likely to report abuse.
      3. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: LBQ (lesbian, bisexual, and queer) women often face social stigma, family rejection, and systemic discrimination. Many are forced to leave their homes and communities, making them vulnerable to trafficking networks. Their marginalization also means they are less likely to access justice or support services.
      4. Gender Discrimination: Deeply entrenched patriarchal norms and gender inequality continue to place women at a disadvantage. In societies where women’s rights are undervalued, traffickers exploit the systemic devaluation of women’s labor and autonomy to fuel their operations.

      Lex Initiative’s Intersectional Feminist Approach

      Recognizing these intersecting vulnerabilities, Lex Initiative adopts an intersectional feminist approach to combat human trafficking. Our advocacy goes beyond addressing trafficking as a standalone issue—it focuses on the systemic inequalities that enable it to thrive.

      1. Empowering Marginalized Women: Through socio-economic programs, we equip women with skills, resources, and opportunities to break free from cycles of exploitation. Initiatives like business registration support and financial literacy training help women attain economic independence, reducing their susceptibility to trafficking.
      2. Legal Advocacy for Justice: Lex Initiative offers pro bono legal services and conducts legal education sessions to ensure marginalized women know their rights and have access to justice. Our work with women in prisons—many of whom are victims of trafficking—highlights the importance of decriminalizing survival activities like sex work or drug-related offenses.
      3. Intersectional Awareness in Legal Representation: By training female lawyers and paralegals in gender-responsive and intersectional advocacy, we ensure that legal practitioners understand the unique challenges faced by marginalized women. This approach amplifies the voices of those often silenced and ensures equitable representation in legal processes.
      4. Community-Based Interventions: Our LILO (Looking In, Looking Out) Inclusion Workshops foster self-advocacy and agency among marginalized groups, building resilience and empowering participants to lead the fight against trafficking in their communities.

      The Way Forward: Advocacy and Collective Action

      To effectively combat human trafficking, we must address its root causes and dismantle the systems of inequality that sustain it. Governments, civil society organizations, and individuals must collaborate to:

      • Strengthen policies that protect marginalized women and ensure traffickers are held accountable.
      • Invest in education and economic opportunities for women in vulnerable communities.
      • Challenge societal norms that perpetuate gender inequality and discrimination.

      At Lex Initiative, we believe that ending human trafficking is not just about rescuing victims; it’s about creating a society where no woman is ever at risk. By adopting an intersectional feminist approach, we are not only addressing the symptoms of trafficking but also uprooting the systemic injustices that allow it to persist.

      On Anti-Trafficking Day, let us renew our commitment to justice, dignity, and equality for all women. Together, we can break the chains of exploitation and build a world where every woman can thrive.

      About the Authors:
      Augusta Yaakugh Esq. and Green Chizoba, .O, Esq. are passionate advocates for human rights and intersectional justice. As legal practitioners with Lex Initiative, they work to empower marginalized women and combat systemic inequalities that fuel trafficking.